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pH measures how acidic or basic a solution is based on the relative amount of charged hydrogen atoms (H⁺) present. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with acids below 7, bases above 7, and neutral substances equal to 7. Indicators like litmus paper and universal indicator help determine pH by changing color based on the solution’s acidity or basicity.

00:00 What’s going on here?
01:02 What is pH?
03:47 Litmus test
05:38 pH papers & universal indicators
06:45 Complete definitions of acids/bases
7:07 Summary

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